Pleomorphic Adenoma: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

 

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common type of tumor that develops in the salivary glands, especially in the parotid gland. Even though most of these tumors are benign (non-cancerous), they still require proper medical attention. If left untreated, they can grow larger and sometimes turn into cancer.


 

What Is Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Parotid Gland?

Pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland is a benign tumor that forms in the salivary glands. The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland and is located in front of the ear and near the jaw.

The word “pleomorphic” means the tumor contains different types of cells. Because of this mixture of tissues, it is often called a benign mixed tumor of the salivary gland.

About 85% of parotid tumors are benign, while around 15% are malignant (cancerous). Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor found in this gland.

These tumors usually grow slowly and have clear borders. However, if they keep growing for many years, they can become more difficult to remove.

Where Is the Parotid Gland Located?

The parotid salivary gland location near the ear and jaw makes it an important structure in the head and neck.

It develops early during embryo growth along with nearby lymph nodes and nerves. Because of this development, the facial nerve that controls facial movement runs through the parotid gland.

This is why surgery in this area must be performed carefully to protect the facial nerve.

What Are the Common Symptoms of Pleomorphic Adenoma?

Most people first notice a painless lump near the ear or jaw. The tumor usually grows slowly over time.

Common symptoms of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland include:

  • A slow-growing lump near the ear or jaw
  • Swelling in front of the ear
  • A firm but painless mass
  • Facial swelling that gradually increases
  • Rarely, facial weakness if the nerve is affected

In many cases, the lump may stay small for years before the patient decides to seek medical help.

What Causes Pleomorphic Adenoma?

The exact cause of this tumor is still not fully known. However, doctors believe that certain factors may increase the risk.

Possible causes and risk factors of pleomorphic adenoma include:

  • Changes in salivary gland cells
  • Radiation exposure to the head or neck
  • Genetic changes in gland cells
  • Age (more common in adults between 30 and 60 years)

Even though it is usually benign, doctors still recommend removing it to prevent complications.

Can Pleomorphic Adenoma Become Cancer?

Yes, although it is uncommon.

If a pleomorphic adenoma remains untreated for many years, there is a small chance that it can turn into a malignant tumor known as carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma.

Studies suggest that about 5% to 15% of cases may eventually develop cancer if not treated.

This is one of the main reasons doctors recommend early surgical removal of pleomorphic adenoma.

How Is Pleomorphic Adenoma Diagnosed?

Doctors use several tests to confirm the condition.

Common diagnosis methods for pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland include:

  1. Physical examination – The doctor checks the size and location of the lump.
  2. Imaging tests – CT scan or MRI helps see the tumor clearly.
  3. Fine needle aspiration biopsy – A small needle is used to collect cells for laboratory testing.

These tests help doctors determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant.

What Is the Best Treatment for Pleomorphic Adenoma?

The most effective treatment is surgical removal of the tumor.

The common procedure used is parotidectomy for pleomorphic adenoma treatment. In this surgery, doctors remove the tumor along with part of the affected gland while protecting the facial nerve.

Surgery is recommended because:

  • The tumor will continue to grow if left untreated
  • Large tumors are harder to remove
  • There is a risk of cancer transformation

After surgery, most patients recover well, and recurrence is rare when the tumor is completely removed.

Are There Other Types of Parotid Gland Tumors?

Yes, besides pleomorphic adenoma, there are several other tumors that can occur in the parotid gland.

Some examples include:

  • Warthin’s tumor – Another common benign tumor that may occur on both sides
  • Oncocytoma – A rare benign tumor
  • Monomorphic adenoma – A benign gland tumor
  • Hemangioma – A blood vessel tumor commonly seen in children

Most benign tumors are successfully treated with surgical removal.

When Should You See a Doctor?

You should consult a doctor if you notice:

  • A lump near the ear or jaw
  • Persistent swelling in the face
  • A mass that slowly grows over time
  • Facial weakness or numbness

Early evaluation helps doctors diagnose the condition sooner and plan the right treatment.

Treatment Support at Alpha Surgical Group

If you are looking for expert care for parotid gland tumors or pleomorphic adenoma, specialized surgical evaluation may be necessary. Alpha Surgical Group provides advanced surgical treatment for salivary gland tumors.

Address:
Alpha Surgical Group
9735 Wilshire Boulevard,
Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA

Their medical team focuses on careful diagnosis and surgical management of parotid tumors while protecting important structures like the facial nerve.

 

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